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Syllabus for CHEM1405 (Chemistry Vetinary Science)The order of topics presented here is essentially the order of presentation in the lecture course, although individual lecturers may make some variations from this. Some topics span more than one week. |
Textbooks:
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Week
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Topics covered
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0
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Assumed Knowledge and Revision Material
- basic mathematical skills
- components of matter:
atoms, molecules and ions
- stoichiometry
- gases
- reactions in aqueous
solution: precipitation and acid/base reactions including solubility rules
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1
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Prologue
- admin. matters
- overview of course
Introduction
- what is chemistry?
- classification and properties
of substances
- nomenclature: formulas
and names
Introduction to Atomic Structure
- atoms, electrons, protons,
neutrons
- atomic and molecular
mass
- isotopes
The Periodic Table
- metals and non-metals
- electron configuration
- d-Block elements
- trends in the periodic
table
The Biological Periodic Table
- elements essential to
sustain life
- elements known to destroy
life
- elements that have therapeutic
value
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2
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Stoichiometry
- formulae
- the mole and the Avogadro
constant
- ideal gas law
- balancing chemical equations
Chemical Bonding
- ionic and covalent bonds
- Lewis structures and
the octet rule
- multiple bonds and resonance
structures
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3
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The Shapes of Molecules
- VSEPR theory of organic
compounds
- hybridisation of organic
compounds
- electronegativity, bond
polarity and dipole moments
Intermolecular forces
- dipole forces
- hydrogen bonds
- dispersion (London)
forces
Introduction to Colloids and Surface Chemistry
- the colloidal state,
types and properties of colloids
- surface tension
- model of biological
membranes
- transport of drugs within
mammals
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4
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Introduction to Chemical Energetics
- first law of thermodynamics
- enthalpy
- Hess' law
- standard enthalpy of
formation
- spontaneous processes
and entropy
- entropy and the second
law of thermodynamics
- the effect of temperature
and spontaneity
- entropy change in chemical
reactions
- free energy
- free energy and chemical
reactions
Chemical Equilibrium
- the equilibrium condition
- the equilibrium constant;
Kc and Kp
- heterogeneous equilibrium
- free energy and equilibrium
- uses of equilibrium
constants - the reaction quotient
- solving equilibrium
problems
- factors affecting equilibrium:
Le Chatelier's principle
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5
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Acids and Bases
- the nature of the hydrated
proton
- the Brønsted Lowry theory
of acids and bases
- the dissociation of
water and the pH scale
- strong, weak and polyprotic
acids and strong and weak bases and salts
- relation between Ka
and Kb, conjugate pairs
- the common ion effect
- buffer solutions
- examples - acid/base
chemistry of natural system
Solutions
- factors affecting gas
solubility
- osmotic pressure, dialysis
and the artificial kidney
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6
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Redox Reactions and Introduction to Electrochemistry
- electrochemical cells
- cell EMF, standard reduction
potential
- cell potential, electrical
work and free energy
- the Nernst equation
- example - cell electrochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
- reaction rate
- dependence of reaction
rate on concentration
- dependence of reaction
rate on time
- first order rate laws
and half-life
- activation energy
- reaction rates and mechanisms
- examples - catalysis
and enzymes
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7
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Introduction to Organic Chemistry
- bonding in carbon compounds
- constitutional isomers
- use of structural formulae
- functional groups
Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, Benzene
- bonding in alkanes
- structure and nomenclature
of alkanes
- conformational and configurational
isomers of alkanes
- bonding and isomerism
in alkenes
- nomenclature of alkenes
- addition reactions of
alkenes
- benzene: aromaticity,
resonance
- molecular orbital picture
- nomenclature
- toxicity of benzene
and aromatic compounds
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8
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Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Thiols
- nomenclature of alcohols
and phenols
- alcohols: classification
as 1°, 2°, 3°
- hydrogen bonding
- acid-base reactions
of alcohols and phenols
- reactions of alcohols:
dehydration, oxidation
- thiols: acidity and
oxidation to disulfides
- NADH/NAD+ cycle and
thiol disulfide redox cycle
- biologically important
thiols and disulfides
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9
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Amines
- amines: classification
as 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° and aryl amines (aniline) and structure
- nomenclature
- basicity
- conversion to amides
- examples of biologically
active amines
Aldehydes and Ketones
- nomenclature
- bonding in carbonyl
compounds
- formation of hemiacetals
and acetals: relevance to carbohydrates
- oxidation and reduction
and NADH/NAD+
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10
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Identification of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals
- mass spectrometry
- infrared spectroscopy
- UV-visible spectroscopy
- 1H NMR spectroscopy
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
- acidity and properties
- acid derivatives: esters,
thioesters, amides
- relative reactivities,
preparation and hydrolysis
- fats, waxes and oils;
examples of natural esters
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11
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Heterocyclic Compounds
- pyridine, pyrrole, furan,
thiophene, imidazole
- relevance to acidity
and basicity of heterocycles in biological systems
- purine, pyrimidine
- relevance to DNA
- tautomerism in heterocycles;
importance in mutations and genetic code
Shapes of Molecules: Stereochemistry
- constitutional isomers
and stereoisomers (enantiomers and diastereomers)
- stereogenic centres
- optical activity
- (R), (S)
nomenclature and D, L nomenclature
- racemic mixtures and
resolution of enantiomers
- compounds with two stereogenic
centres including meso isomers
- importance of chirality
in nature and drug design
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12
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Biomolecules: Carbohydrates
- monosaccharides: stereochemistry
- Haworth projections,
mutarotation
- reducing and non-reducing
sugars, mutarotation
- disaccharides and polysaccharides:
classification and hydrolysis
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13
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Biomolecules: Proteins and DNA
- structure and classification
of amino acids, stereochemistry
- acid base chemistry
- formation and hydrolysis
of peptides
- protein structure overview
(non-examinable)
- tautomerism in heterocycles
- nucleosides, nucleotides,
ATP, ADP, AMP
- DNA structure
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