Topics and Learning Outcomes

Physical States and Phase Diagrams
- identify characteristics of physical states
- label phase diagrams and relate phase diagrams to changes in state with temperature and pressure
- explain the anomalous behaviour of water using its phase diagram
- define supercritical fluids and the behaviour of compounds above the critical point

Entropy
- define entropy in terms of the tendency of energy to spread out
- predict how entropy changes with the physical state, the temperature, the size of the molecule and the complexity of a molecule
- predict whether entropy increases or decreases for simple physical and chemical changes, especially for changes in physical state

Crystal Structures
- show how close packing of spheres can lead to hexagonal or cubic close packing
- identify the major metal structures - cubic close packed, hexagonal close packed, body centred cubic and simple cubic
- list the coordination number, packing efficiency and number of atoms in the unit cell of each of these packing types
- identify unit cells for cubic packing
- relate the unit cell contents and the stoichiometry
- rationalize the structure of simple ionic solids in terms of filling of the holes in the close packed structures

Solubility Equilibrium
- identify what determines solubility in terms of bonding forces
- construct K_sp from the chemical equation for dissolution
- calculate solubility from K_sp values for salts with formulae MX and MX₂
- use the ionic product, Q, to predict whether dissolution or precipitation will occur
- apply the common ion effect qualititatively by considering equilibria and quantitatively using K_sp and Q

Textbook and eBook References

Physical States and Phase Diagrams - Chapter 7
Crystal Structures - Section 7.4
Entropy - Sections 7.3 and 8.4

references are to: [main text] Blackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino and Wille, Chemistry, 3^rd Edition, 2015 (John Wiley)
[fundamentals focused alternative] Blackman, Bridgeman, Lawrie, Southam, Thompson and Williamson, Chemistry: Core Concepts, 2015 (John Wiley)

Phase changes (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
Supercritical fluids (in ChemWiki)
Phase transitions (in ChemWiki)
Ionic bonding (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
Solids (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
Virtual: crystal structure (in ChemWiki)
Unit cell (in ChemWiki)
Crystal lattice (in ChemWiki)
The second law of thermodynamics (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
Entropy (in ChemWiki)

the eBook references are free and are taken from high quality sources.

Lecture Notes, Tutorial Worksheets & Answers and Suggested Exam Questions

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ChemCAL and iChem Resources

Physical States and Phase Diagrams

States of Matter

Crystal Structures

Contributed Links and Resources

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Physical States and Phase Diagrams -

Supercritical carbon dioxide (2)

Description: Supercritical carbon dioxide being stirred like a liquid
Tags: phase diagrams | Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

How to make liquid carbon dioxide

Description: Under pressure, dry ice melts to give liquid carbon dioxide. It only sublimes at lower pressures
Tags: phase diagrams | Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Supercritical carbon dioxide

Description: At 31 'C, carbon dioxide becomes super critical if the pressure is very high. In the supercritical phase, it occupies space like a gas but flows like a liquid
Tags: phase diagrams | Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

The chemistry of snowflakes

Description: Video showing how snowflakes form and grow
Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Crystal Structures -

Caesium chloride unit cell

Description: Video showing how the crystal structure is built from the unit cell and how atoms on the corners end up being shared
Tags: CsCl | unit cells | crystal structures | Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Sodium chloride unit cell

Description: Video showing how the crystal structure is built from the unit cell and how atoms on the corners, faces and edges end up being shared
Tags: FCC | unit cells | crystal structures | rocksalt | Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Interactive 3D crystal structures

Tags: unit cell | ccp | hcp | Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Entropy -

Marbles defy entropy

Tags: entropy | Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

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