Learning outcomes - after studying this topic, you should be able to:

• define entropy in terms of the tendency of energy to spread out
• predict how entropy changes with the physical state, the temperature, the size of the molecule and the complexity of a molecule
• predict whether entropy increases or decreases for simple physical and chemical changes, especially for changes in physical state

• Chapters 5 and 16 (in [main text] Blackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino and Wille, Chemistry, 3^rd Edition, 2015 (John Wiley)
  [fundamentals focused alternative] Blackman, Bridgeman, Lawrie, Southam, Thompson and Williamson, Chemistry: Core Concepts, 2015 (John Wiley) )

• Buffer systems (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Visualization of organic structures (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Nomenclature (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Alkanes (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Alkenes (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Analytical techniques (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Alcohols (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Amines (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Stereochemistry (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Alkyl halides (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Aldehydes and ketones (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Carboxylic acids (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Carboxylic acid derivatives (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Overview of functional groups (in Wikibooks Organic Chemistry)
• Acid/Base basics (in ChemWiki)
• Weak acids and bases (in ChemWiki)
• Acid/Base reactions (in ChemWiki)
• Buffers (in ChemWiki)
• Phase transitions (in ChemWiki)
• Supercritical fluids (in ChemWiki)
• Crystal lattice (in ChemWiki)
• Unit cell (in ChemWiki)
• Virtual: crystal structure (in ChemWiki)
• Solubility (in ChemWiki)
• Lewis concept of acids and bases (in ChemWiki)
• Coordination chemistry (in ChemWiki)
• Kinetics (in ChemWiki)
• Entropy (in ChemWiki)
• Properties and theories of acids and bases (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Strong and weak acids/bases (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Titration and pH (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Phase changes (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Solids (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• How to draw Fischer projections (in ChemWiki)
• Acid-base equilibria (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Solubility equilibria (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Introduction to kinetics (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Reaction rates (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• The second law of thermodynamics (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Transition metals (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Ionic bonding (in Wikibooks General Chemistry)
• Functional groups (in ChemWiki)
• Alkanes (in ChemWiki)
• Alkenes (in ChemWiki)
• Alcohols (in ChemWiki)
• Amines (in ChemWiki)
• Chirality (in ChemWiki)
• Aldehydes and ketones (in ChemWiki)
• Carboxylic acids (in ChemWiki)
• Esters (in ChemWiki)
• Amides (in ChemWiki)

Drawing organic molecules Description: tutorial on the various ways that organic molecules can be represented on paper Tags: stick structures | structural formulae Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Structural principles Tags: stick structures Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Stereochemistry Tutorial Tags: stereochemistry Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Representing organic structures Description: Converting between condensed and stick structures Tags: stick structures | structural formulae Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Degree of unsaturation calculator Description: Calculates the number of double bonds in a structure from its formula (or vice versa) Tags: unsaturation Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Brackets in molecule names Description: How to deal with brackets in organic compound names - always something people have difficulty with Tags: nomenclature | brackets | names Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Organic isomers Description: Isomerism in organic chemistry Tags: constitutional | stereoisomers | configurational | conformational | optical | enantiomers Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Spectroscopic techniques in organic chemistry Description: Workshop on spectroscopic techniques and problem solving in structure determination Tags: spectroscopy | structure determination Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Interactive 3D crystal structures Tags: unit cell | ccp | hcp Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Caesium chloride unit cell Description: Video showing how the crystal structure is built from the unit cell and how atoms on the corners end up being shared Tags: CsCl | unit cells | crystal structures Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Sodium chloride unit cell Description: Video showing how the crystal structure is built from the unit cell and how atoms on the corners, faces and edges end up being shared Tags: FCC | unit cells | crystal structures | rocksalt Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Marbles defy entropy Tags: entropy Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

How to make liquid carbon dioxide Description: Under pressure, dry ice melts to give liquid carbon dioxide. It only sublimes at lower pressures Tags: phase diagrams Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Supercritical carbon dioxide Description: At 31 'C, carbon dioxide becomes super critical if the pressure is very high. In the supercritical phase, it occupies space like a gas but flows like a liquid Tags: phase diagrams Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Supercritical carbon dioxide (2) Description: Supercritical carbon dioxide being stirred like a liquid Tags: phase diagrams Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Freelance Teacher- chemistry Description: Covers most of the organic chemistry and most of the inorganic chemistry topics in this course.

Spectroscopy game Description: For those who want to practise their IR/NMR/etc skills. Tags: IR | NMR | spectroscopy Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Flowchart of isomer types Tags: stereoisomers | configurational | diastereomers Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Introduction to Acids and Bases Contributed by Siggi Schmid

Definition of pH, pOH, "p", sample calculations

The chemistry of snowflakes Description: Video showing how snowflakes form and grow Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Guided tour of metalloproteins Description: Structures of important biological molecules with metals at the active site Tags: metalloproteins | metalloenzymes Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Introduction to isomerism Description: Introduction to isomerism Tags: isomers | isomerism Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Optical isomerism tutorial Description: Introduction to chirality Tags: isomers | isomerism | enantiomers | chirality Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

pH of Strong Acids and Bases Description: Video tutorial and lots of examples on how to calculate the pH of a strong acids and strong bases Tags: pH | strong acid | strong base Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Organic functional groups Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Functional group flashcards Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Alkanes - structure and nomenclature Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Alkenes, Benzene and Alkynes Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Elimination and Electrophilic Addition Reactions Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Organic spectroscopy Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Structural Organic Chemistry Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Reduction and Oxidation Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Organic Acids and Bases Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Groups Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Organic Reactions Summary Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Organic Transformations Flashcards Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Acids and bases - self learning questions (1) Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Acids and bases - self learning questions (2) Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Weak Acids and Bases Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Calculations with Weak Acids and Bases Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Acids and bases - self learning questions (4) Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Acids and bases - self learning questions (3) Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Acid-Base Titrations Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Intermolecular Forces - Self Learning Questions Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

States of Matter Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Solubility - Self Learning Questions Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Complexes - Self Learning Questions Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Kinetics - Self Learning Questions (2) Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Kinetics - Self Learning Questions (2) Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Thermal Energy, Collisions and Reactions Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Reaction Rates and Chemical Kinetics 2 Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Reaction Rates and Chemical Kinetics Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Colours of transition metal complexes Description: Origin of the beautiful colours of complex ions Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

How to draw organic molecules Tags: organic | stick structures Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Hydrocarbon Power! Description: Alkane nomenclature Tags: alkane | crash course | youtube | tutorial Contributed by GGV

Acidity of organic molecules (short video tutorial) Tags: pKa | acid/base Contributed by Mat Todd

Naming Organic Compounds (short video tutorial) Tags: organic nomenclature Contributed by Peter Rutledge

Organic nomenclature Description: Video and interactive tutorials and self test quizzes on how to name organic compounds Tags: organic nomenclature Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Acidity of Organic Molecules and Types of Organic Reactions Description: Video and interactive tutorials and self test quizzes on the acidity of organic molecules and types of organic reactions Tags: acidity | substitution | elimination | addition | oxidation | reduction Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Structure determination (short video tutorial) Tags: structure determination | IR | NMR | UV Contributed by Peter Rutledge

Introduction to Organic Structure Determination Description: Video and interactive tutorials and self test quizzes on organic spectroscopy and structure determination Tags: structure determination | IR | NMR | UV Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Using the terms primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary (short video tutorial) Tags: organic nomenclature Contributed by Mat Todd

Alcohol and amine nomenclature (short video tutorial) Tags: organic nomenclature Contributed by Mat Todd

Naming Alcohols, Amines and Halides Description: Video and interactive tutorials and self test quizzes on naming alcohols, amines and halides Tags: organic nomenclature | alcohols | amines | organic halides Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Assigning Priority (short video tutorial) Tags: stereochemistry | isomerism | chirality Contributed by Peter Rutledge

Assigning Absolute Configuration (short video tutorial) Tags: stereochemistry | isomerism | chirality Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Assigning Priority and Absolute Configuration Description: Video and interactive tutorials and self test quizzes on assigning priorities and assigning absolute configurations in chiral organic molecules Tags: stereochemistry | isomerism | chirality Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Carbonyl containing compounds (short video tutorial) Tags: Aldehydes | ketones | carboxylic acid derivatives Contributed by Mat Todd

Naming and Identifying Carbonyl Containing Compounds Tags: Aldehydes | ketones | carboxylic acid derivatives Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Synthesis and retrosynthesis (part 1) (short video tutorial) Tags: Synthesis | mechanism | organic reactions | retrosynthesis Contributed by Peter Rutledge

Synthesis and retrosynthesis (part 2) (short video tutorial) Tags: Synthesis | mechanism | organic reactions | retrosynthesis Contributed by Peter Rutledge

Synthetic Strategies and Organic Reactions Description: Video and interactive tutorials and self test quizzes on synthetic strategies Tags: Synthesis | mechanism | organic reactions | retrosynthesis Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

pH of strong acids and bases (short video tutorial) Tags: pH | strong acids | strong bases Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Electronegativity and bonding Description: Video tutorial and lots of examples on electronegativity and how to use it to predict bonding types Tags: electronegativity | bonding | polar bonds Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Coordination numbers Description: Video tutorial and lots of examples on coordination numbers in covalent molecules, complexes, metallic solids and ionic compounds Tags: coordination number | complexes | crystal structures Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Introduction to Solubility Description: Video tutorial and lots of examples on solubility and how to solve solubility equilibrium problems Tags: solubility | solubility product Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Formulas, Names of Complexes and d-Configurations Description: Video, interactive tutorial and self test quizzes on naming coordination compounds and working out d-configurations Tags: coordination chemistry | coordination compounds | complex ions | d-configurations Contributed by Adam Bridgeman

Introduction to the Rate Law Description: Video, interactive tutorial and self test quizzes on the rate law and how to work it out from experimental data Tags: chemical kinetics | reaction rate | rate law | reaction order Contributed by Adam Bridgeman