Solutions
Learning outcomes - after studying this topic, you should be able to:
- calculate concentrations in molarity, molality, mole fraction, % w/w and %v/v and perform dilutions
- predict qualitatively the solubilities of gases in liquids based on their chemical structure
- determine the sign of ΔH for the dissolution of a gas in a liquid from the temperature dependence of its solubility
- understand the effects of pressure on the solubility of gases
- explain the molecular origin of "The Bends" and the formation of limestone caves
- predict qualitatively the miscibilities of liquids based on their molecular structures
- identify solutes as strong, weak or non-electrolytes
- explain the origin of vapour pressure lowering and boiling point elevation of a solvent by a non-volatile solute
- estimate the vapour pressure of solutions of non-volatile and volatile solutes using Raoult's Law
- read a phase diagram
- explain the meaning of ideality for gases and solutions
- predict deviations from ideal gas behaviour
- calculate the pressure of a real gas using the van der Waal's equation
- explain the molecular origin of positive and negative deviations from Raoult's Law
- explain the principles underlying fractional distillation
- predict which combinations of solvents would be expected to be ideal and which non-ideal
- understand the concept of activity
- calculate expected freezing point depressions of solutions
- calculate expected solution osmotic pressures
- estimate molar masses from colligative property data
- estimate the degree of dissociation of electrolytes from colligative property data
- explain the origin of osmotic pressure and how it can be measured
Textbook and eBook References
Lecture Notes, Tutorial Worksheets & Answers and Suggested Exam Questions
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