Chemistry 1B
The order of topics presented here is essentially the order of presentation in the lecture course, although individual lecturers may make some variations from this. Some topics span more than one week.
Jump to week <1> <2> <3> <4> <5> <6> <7> <8> <9> <10> <11> <12> <13>
Week |
Topics covered |
| Representations of Molecular Structure
- revise VSEPR, bonding and shape
- shape and hybridisation for alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
- stick notation
- functional groups and nomenclature
Alkanes
- constitutional isomers
- conformational isomers
- cis/trans isomers of cyclic alkanes
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Alkenes
- pi-bonds and structure
- E/Z isomers
- introduction to organic mechanisms
- addition reactions, mechanism of electrophilic addition
- Markovnikov's rule: carbocation stability
- reaction summary (addition reactions, orientation of addition and carbocation stability)
Alkynes
- addition reactions
Aromatic Compounds
- benzene: aromaticity, resonance
- electrophilic aromatic substitution (bromination only)
- compare to alkenes
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Structural Determination
- mass spectrometry
- infrared spectroscopy
- UV-visible spectroscopy
- 1H NMR spectroscopy
- MRI and medical applications
- problem solving exercises |
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Alcohols
- structure of alcohols, phenols and ethers
- H-bonding and physical properties of alcohols
- acid-base reactions of alcohols & phenols: resonance stabilisation and stability of conjugate base
-oxidation reactions
-elimination reactions and Zaitsev's rule
Amines - structure of amines
- H-bonding and physical properties of amines
- amines as bases
Stereochemistry - stereogenic centres
- optical activity
- (R), (S) nomenclature |
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| Stereochemistry continued
- racemic mixtures
- importance of chirality in nature and drug design
Organic Halogen Compounds
- substitiution reactions and scope
- SN1 and SN2 mechanisms: compare carbocation stability and steric hindrance
- consequences of stereochemistry
- elimination reactions
- Grignard formation |
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Aldehydes and Ketones
- structure and polatiry
- nucleophilic addition reactions of Grignard reagents and hydride reducing agents
- oxidation of aldehydes
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
- carboxylic acids
- acidity and resonance stabilisation of conjugate base
- reduction to primary alcohols
- formation of acid chlorides
- derivatives (acid halides, anhydrides, esters and amides)
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| Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Continued
- acid halides, anhydrides, esters & amides
- relative reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
- interconversion and hydrolysis of derivatives
- polymers and example of nylon66
Synthetic Strategies
- design of target molecules
- problem solving |
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Strong Acids and Bases
- electrolytes - strong and weak
- autoionisation of water
- conjugate acid-base pairs
Weak Acids and Bases - carboxylic acids, carbonic acids, phenols
- ammonia, amines
Calculations Involving pKa - calculations involving pKa and pKb
- buffers
- common ion effect |
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| Periodic Trends in Aqueous Oxides
- acids and bases
Intermolecular Forces and Phase Behaviour
- boiling point trends
- solid structure (ice, etc.)
Physical States and Phase Diagrams
- single component
- enthalpy change
- entropy (qualitative) in gas-liquid equilibrium and endothermicity
- trends in elemental freezing and boiling points |
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Phase Diagrams (2 Components)
- water/salt equilibrium, saturated solutions
- alloys
- miscibility
Crystal Structures |
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Solubility Equilibrium
- calculations involving Ksp
- solubility trends as a function of polarity of solvents (e.g. alcohols in water)
- solubility of ionic solids
- role of intermolecular forces in solubility
- heats of solvation
Hydrolysis of Metal Ions
- introduction to the ligand bond |
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Metals in Biology
- introduction to transition metals
Coordination Chemistry
- complexes
- cis/trans
- oxidation states
- colour |
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Kinetics
- variability of reaction rates
- review of 1st order rate constants from nuclear chemistry and introduction to 2nd order rate constants
- mechanism and rate determining steps
Kinetics - Influences - temperature and the Arrhenius relation
- diffusion constants
- solvent polarity
Kinetics - Catalysis
- altering the mechanism
- industrial example
- enzymes |
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TextbookBlackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino and Wille, |